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ACTA MUSEI MORAVIAE - SCIENTIAE SOCIALES 91/2006
Abstract
KAREL VALOCH, MZM – ANTHROPOS
In the past years, small artefact collections were obtained from sites at Vedrovice VI and VII. The artefacts are made of Jurassic chert pebbles and fragments of breccia cherts, occasionally of quartzite and quartz. The cores are uni- as well as bidirectional, discoidal ones being few in number, and the Levallois chipping method was not used. There is a negligible percentage of Upper Palaeolithic types (endscrapers), while sidescrapers are more numerous. There occur bifacially worked artefacts and pebble tools. Compared to the regional EUP complexes, these collections have been classified as Middle Palaeolithic.
KEY WORDS: Middle Palaeolithic, Krumlovian, Vedrovice, Jurassic chert, Krumlovský les
MARTIN OLIVA, MZM – ANTHROPOS
The present paper involves all isolated finds of Levallois cores and flakes in Moravia and, of the remaining ones, those that are not accompanied by industries characterised as Bohunician. None of the isolated finds has been made of Stránská skála chert type, which is the almost exclusive raw material of the Levalloid component of the Bohunician. Thus, the artefacts described cannot be associated with the Early Upper Palaeolithic culture mentioned, as also supported by several additional facts, above all, their technological distinction. While almost all Bohunician Levalloid cores were intended for serial reduction, specimens showing preferential flake predominate among the isolated finds. Exceptions are provided by two very flat cores showing centripetal preparation yet with distinct blade scars accompanying flat bifaces, found at the eastern Moravian station Karolín I (Mousterian of Acheulian tradition). Thus, the underestimation of the role of the Levallois technique in our Middle Palaeolithic stems from its low representation in regions of our raw material outcrops where the traces of the Middle Palaeolithic settlement are most numerous and most conspicuous. Beyond those regions, the Levallois technique is as frequent as the discoidal or subprismatic one. Even in this respect, then, the Bohunician was a possible continuation.
KEY WORDS: Levallois technique, Moravia, Middle Palaeolithic, MAT, Bohunician origins
PETR NERUDA – ZDEŇKA NERUDOVÁ, MZM – ANTHROPOS
This article decribes a preliminary results of excavations executed in the Pravlov - Dolní Kounice area (South Moravia) when we dicovered a new palaeolithic site Pravlov IVd with two archaeological layers (EUP, Middle Palaeolitic with microlitic industry).
KEY WORDS: South Moravia (Czech Republic), Dolní Kounice, Pravlov, Middle Palaeolithic, Early Upper Palaeolitic, Stratigraphy
ZDEŇKA NERUDOVÁ, MZM – ANTHROPOS
In the past years, several hundred lithic pieces from Brno-Židenice, location Bílá Hora, were handed over to the Anthropos Institute. The present evaluation of the artefact collections completes the picture of the early Upper Palaeolithic settlement of the Brno Bassin some 40 kyr ago. The author believes that even the collections of the Podstránská, Bílá Hora, or Hradsko type are likely to indicate early interactions between Homo sapiens and the Neaderthal people and, hence, that the three collections are most probably homogeneous and their analogies should be looked for in similar industries from Austria (Willendorf II/2), Bulgaria, or even central Asia.
KEY WORDS: Moravia (Czech Republic), EUP, Lithic industry, Technology
MARTIN KUČA1 – JOSEF KOVÁŘ1 – MIRIAM NÝVLTOVÁ FIŠÁKOVÁ2 – ANTONÍN PŘICHYSTAL3, 1 FF MU, 2 ARÚ BRNO, 3 PŘF MU
Unpublished part of the archaeological record excavated from the Lelekovice Castle near Brno during 1984–1990 and 2002–2004 by Josef Unger represent the Neolithic settlement. Excavation in the area of the Castle and the Bailey yielded a collection of Neoloithic pottery, related chipped industry and polished industry together with osteological material. Subject of this paper are the analyses of the ceramic forms, the raw materials and the animal bones. According to these results the Neolithic settlement is from the Moravian Painted Ware Culture (Phase II).
KEY WORDS: Neolithic – Lengyel culture – settlement – lithic industry – animal bones – south Moravia
LUDĚK GALUŠKA, MZM – ARCHEOLOGICKÝ ÚSTAV
The aim of this study are coffins with strip iron mounts and, of course people laid in them and buried in burial grounds of the Staré Město-Uherské Hradiště Great Moravian agglomeration, especially on the church burial grounds in Staré Město „Na Valách“ and in Uherské Hradiště-Sady. The term „coffin“ is usually understood as a wooden box in the shape of a chest which is made of chopped or diagonally cut boards determined to carry a body of a dead person from a house to a burial ground and putting the body into a grave. Coffin with strip iron mounts in the grave inventory of the early Middle Ages present an interesting but a quite rare find, which may seem as a surprising discovery, for the coffin is understood as an attribute of Christianity, and at least a great part of members of the Great Moravian nobility accepted Christianity, as well as it was accepted by a considerable part of the Great Moravian population.
KEY WORDS: Great Moravia – agglomeration Staré Město-Uherské Hradiště – burial ground – coffin with strip iron mounts – grave inventory
ZDEŇKA MĚCHUROVÁ, AÚ MZM
In February 2005, Dr. Petr Fiala presented to the collections of the Department of Archaeology, Moravian Museum, two interesting spurs he had found among the roots of an uprooted tree during his surface prospecting of the Holý kopec Hill in Krumlovský les Forest. Judging from the gothic arch and type of their points (thorns), the spurs can be dated from the late 12th or the first half of the 13th century. The find sheds new light on the hillfort that has only yielded prehistoric finds so far.
Key words: Middle ages, spurs, region of Moravský Krumlov, Krumlovský les-Highland
JIŘÍ MITÁČEK, HISTORICKÉ ODDĚLENÍ MZM
The murders at Karlštejn Castle in 1397 violently stopped the active policy of the Czech Hospitallers priors. The murderous attack on the Czech prior Markolt from Vrutice and the following investigations greatly influenced the election of the next prior, Hereš from Zvířetice. This election was supposed to protect the Order from King Wenceslas IV’s supporters, who felt very strong because they got no punishment for the murders at Karlštejn. The Pope Boniface IX issued a regulation in 1397, according to which every new Hospitallers prior was to be named by the Pope. King Wenceslas IV attempted to influence the Pope to name Bohuš Bílý from Bystřice in 1401, but he only caused a controversy between Bohuš Bílý and the Czech prior Jindřich from Hradec (1401–1421). This controversy lasted until 1403. During the administration of Jindřich from Hradec two very significant events took place: the Hospitallers bought one half of the castle and town of Strakonice in 1402–1403 and the Czech prior participated in the council in Constance. He also took part in the general chapter of the Order, which took place also in Constance. The Hospitallers Order was also afflicted by the social and economic development of the Czech Lands at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th centuries, which culminated in the Hussite wars. These wars destroyed most of the Order’s houses in Bohemia and Moravia. At the end of the King Wenceslas’s reign, the Czech province was left totaly shaken in its structure and background and afflicted by uneasy political, social and economic situation in the Kingdom.
Key Words: Kingdom of Bohemia – 14th century – The Order of Saint John
Abstract PAVEL ŠOPÁK, SLEZSKÁ UNIVERZITA OPAVA
This paper deals with a museum worker, an art historian and an ethnographer Karel Černohorský (1896–1982), who was a staff member of Silesian Museum in Opava between 1921 and 1938 and who worked, between 1938 and 1945 and between 1921 and 1938 once again, in Moravian Museum in Brno, where he later joined Brno branch of the Institute of Archaeology of the Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences. Great emphasis is laid on the complexity of Černohorský’s personality as well as on the difficulties of promoting various ideas regarding both museum services and the organization of culture in Silesia. This commemorative paper is intended to make people remember the 110th anniversary of the birth of a prominent personality of Moravian and Silesian museum services of the 20th century.
KEY WORDS: Brno – Moravian Museum – Opava – Silesian Museum – History of museums – History of the
20th Century Art – Karel Černohorský (1896–1982)